"Household/commune/district characteristics";"Livelihood group" "Non-labor income";;"Informal wages";;"Formal wages";;Agriculture;;Non-farm;;"Whole sample"; Mean;SD;;Mean;SD;;Mean;SD;;Mean;SD;;Mean;SD;;Mean;SD; "Ethnicity (1 = Kinh/Hoa; 0 = minorities)";0.88;0.32;;0.76;0.43;;0.89;0.31;;0.63;0.48;;0.93;0.26;;0.80;0.40; "Gender (1 = male; 0 = female)";0.59;0.49;;0.79;0.41;;0.76;0.43;;0.86;0.35;;0.80;0.40;;0.78;0.42; "Age (years)";63.87;14.76;;48.81;12.11;;52.38;13.55;;50.80;12.67;;49.83;11.72;;52.30;13.76; "Marital status (1 = married;0 = single)";0.59;0.49;;0.81;0.39;;0.83;0.38;;0.87;0.34;;0.85;0.35;;0.81;0.40; "Formal years of schooling";5.96;3.95;;6.49;3.67;;9.67;4.09;;6.36;3.71;;8.35;3.62;;7.33;4.06; "Household size (family members)";2.41;1.38;;3.89;1.49;;3.99;1.53;;3.90;1.67;;3.92;1.51;;3.71;1.62; "Dependency ratio";0.66;0.38;;0.32;0.25;;0.38;0.29;;0.36;0.29;;0.35;0.27;;0.39;0.31; "Annual cropland (square meters)";1,837;5,092;;1,940;3,333;;1,740;3,929;;7,132;35,000;;1,746;5,744;;3,161;18,111; "Perennial cropland (square meters)";637;3,109;;671;2,481;;763;3,921;;4,130;14,802;;1,025;10,670;;1,609;8,959; "Forest land (square meters)";1,001;10,345;;1,634;8,867;;834;5,124;;4,678;34,948;;1,138;8,115;;2,070;18,959; "Horticultural land (square meters)";159;729;;152;593;;160;549;;358;1518;;121;618;;202;933; "Population per hectare at commune level";737;889;;666;1,196;;879;1,369;;387;675;;894;1,497;;685;1,161; "UXO contamination (district proportion of land with UXO)";0.31;0.30;;0.28;0.29;;0.30;0.31;;0.24;0.29;;0.31;0.31;;0.28;0.30; "Proportion of agricultural land at the commune level";0.56;0.25;;0.52;0.26;;0.55;0.23;;0.49;0.30;;0.56;0.24;;0.53;0.26; "Proportion of aquacultural land at the commune level";0.05;0.12;;0.05;0.12;;0.05;0.09;;0.05;0.16;;0.06;0.13;;0.05;0.13; "Proportion of forest land at the commune level";0.15;0.25;;0.21;0.28;;0.14;0.23;;0.28;0.31;;0.14;0.23;;0.19;0.27; "Access to roads (1 = yes; 0 = no)";0.96;0.20;;0.97;0.18;;0.98;0.13;;0.91;0.28;;0.98;0.15;;0.96;0.20; "Transportation (1 = yes; 0 = no)";0.49;0.50;;0.48;0.50;;0.48;0.50;;0.43;0.50;;0.54;0.50;;0.48;0.50; "Non-farm opportunities (1 = yes; 0 = no)";0.80;0.40;;0.78;0.42;;0.84;0.36;;0.64;0.48;;0.85;0.36;;0.77;0.42; "Natural hazards (number of times during the last 12 months)";1.13;1.41;;1.24;1.55;;0.99;1.66;;1.36;1.74;;1.02;1.32;;1.17;1.58; "Coastal area (1 = yes; 0 = no)";0.07;0.26;;0.06;0.24;;0.03;0.18;;0.05;0.22;;0.05;0.22;;0.05;0.22; "Inland area (1 = yes; 0 = no)";0.64;0.48;;0.52;0.50;;0.63;0.48;;0.38;0.49;;0.65;0.48;;0.54;0.50; "Midlands (1 = yes; 0 = no)";0.03;0.16;;0.03;0.18;;0.05;0.22;;0.02;0.14;;0.04;0.19;;0.03;0.18; "Low mountainous area (1 = yes; 0 = no)";0.17;0.38;;0.22;0.42;;0.19;0.40;;0.18;0.38;;0.18;0.38;;0.19;0.39; "High mountainous area (1 = yes; 0 = no)";0.09;0.29;;0.17;0.37;;0.09;0.29;;0.37;0.48;;0.09;0.28;;0.18;0.39; Observations;3,758;;;6,817;;;5,741;;;6,840;;;4,030;;;27,186;;