General government gross debt, 1997–2015 (percent of GDP). Source: IMF World Economic Outlook database, October 2016, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/index.aspx

 
 
  Part of: Batsaikhan U, Dabrowski M (2017) Central Asia — twenty-five years after the breakup of the USSR. Russian Journal of Economics 3(3): 296-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruje.2017.09.005