"(a) Firm entry"
"Dependent variable";"Log of firm entry"
"Estimation period";2008–2014
"Target regions";"North Caucasus and Southern Districts";"Central and Northwestern Districts";"Volga and Ural Districts";"Siberian and Far East Districts"
Estimator;"Pooling OLS";Random-effects;Random-effects;Random-effects
Model;[1];[2];[3];[4]
"Institutional variables"
"Log of lawsuit application number to regional arbitration courts per 1,000 organization";"0.0360 (0.330)";"–0.2088** (–1.990)";"–0.0954 (–0.530)";"–0.2357*** (–3.730)"
"Expert criminal risk ranking";"0.0028 (1.160)";"–0.0002 (–0.250)";"–0.0001 (–0.150)";"–0.00037 (–0.610)"
"Economic integration variables"
"Log of world oil price";"0.5613*** (4.400)";"0.4811*** (9.000)";"0.4131*** (9.670)";"0.3730*** (6.490)"
"Total trade in % of GRP";"–0.0051** (–2.470)";"0.0001 (0.060)";"0.0032 (1.210)";"0.0000 (–0.040)"
"FDI inflow in % of GRP";"–0.0307 (–1.050)";"–0.0048 (–0.960)";"–0.0070 (–1.280)";"0.0001 (0.070)"
"Log of direct distance from Brussels";"–0.4690 (–0.500)";"0.6934*** (3.230)";"–0.1648 (–0.270)";"0.1763 (1.210)"
"Control variables"
"GRP growth rate (%)";"0.0227* (1.740)";"0.0070** (2.040)";"0.0146*** (3.760)";"0.0095*** (3.060)"
"Log of number of credit organizations and their branchs per 100,000 residents";"–0.0409 (–0.610)";"0.0298 (0.240)";"0.1291 (0.930)";"–0.1484*** (–2.820)"
"Log of number of PCs with internet connection per 100 workers";"–0.0054 (–0.040)";"–0.1838* (–1.750)";"–0.0993 (–0.650)";"–0.0021 (–0.040)"
"Log of number of firms and organizations per 10,000 residents";"–0.1159 (–0.890)";"–0.1930 (–1.430)";"–0.1216 (–0.730)";"–0.1013 (–1.200)"
"Log of population density";"0.2299*** (3.730)";"0.0703*** (2.670)";"0.0334 (0.720)";"0.0660** (2.540)"
"Average temperature in January";"–0.0408*** (–2.770)";"0.0179*** (3.430)";"0.0025 (0.750)";"–0.0101*** (–2.820)"
"Time trend dummy";"–0.0233 (–0.690)";"0.0062 (0.290)";"0.0027 (0.080)";"–0.0563*** (–4.990)"
"Constant term";"5.1432 (0.680)";"–0.2498 (–0.120)";"5.2981 (0.880)";"3.3762** (2.130)"
"Control for district-level fixed-effects";Yes;Yes;Yes;Yes
"Control for individual effects of regions";No;Yes;Yes;Yes
N;90;203;140;143
"R
              
                2";0.49;0.33;0.22;0.67
"Breusch–Pagan testa";0.00;206.42***;55.14***;26.41***
"Wald test/F-test (χ2)b";6.48***;377.07***;2207.91***;1766.72***
"Institutional variables"
"Log of duration of a lawsuit at a regional arbitration court (median)";"–0.5783* (–1.670)";"–0.7549** (–2.250)";"–1.1080* (–1.770)";"–0.1469 (–0.470)"
"Expert criminal risk ranking";"–0.0049 (–1.150)";"–0.0039* (–1.800)";"–0.0059*** (–2.750)";"–0.0005 (–0.260)"
"Economic integration variables"
"Log of world oil price";"0.8414** (2.530)";"0.4158*** (3.230)";"0.5878*** (3.060)";"0.7513*** (4.310)"
"Total trade in % of GRP";"0.0004 (0.060)";"0.0008 (0.350)";"–0.0097* (–1.830)";"–0.0052*** (–2.660)"
"FDI inflow in % of GRP";"0.0061 (0.110)";"–0.0055 (–0.470)";"0.0274* (1.660)";"0.0102*** (3.010)"
"Log of direct distance from Brussels";"4.4697** (2.160)";"–0.5696 (–1.110)";"1.7801* (1.680)";"0.0310 (0.080)"
"Control variables"
"GRP growth rate (%)";"–0.0413** (–2.310)";"–0.0397*** (–3.860)";"–0.0209 (–1.590)";"–0.0090 (–0.850)"
"Log of number of credit organizations and their branches per 100,000 residents";"–0.9893* (–1.870)";"0.1923 (1.130)";"0.7060*** (2.930)";"0.1871 (1.240)"
"Log of number of PCs with internet connection per 100 workers";"0.8113** (2.160)";"–0.4048* (–1.850)";"–0.8634*** (–2.930)";"–0.6831*** (–5.490)"
"Log of number of firms and organizations per 10,000 residents";"0.9106** (2.190)";"0.0100 (0.050)";"0.7951*** (2.910)";"0.4955*** (3.770)"
"Log of population density";"0.4113** (2.510)";"0.1487*** (3.880)";"0.2502*** (2.920)";"0.1045* (1.920)"
"Average temperature in January";"–0.0566** (–2.010)";"–0.0796*** (–5.550)";"–0.0276** (–2.040)";"–0.0118 (–1.140)"
"Time trend dummy";"–0.1791** (–2.190)";"0.1133** (2.270)";"0.2206*** (3.450)";"0.1768*** (6.520)"
"Constant term";"–39.5232** (–2.240)";"9.1650*** (2.620)";"–13.0383* (–1.760)";"–2.0756 (–0.520)"
"Control for district-level fixed-effects";Yes;Yes;Yes;Yes
"Control for individual effects of regions";No;Yes;Yes;No
N;84;196;140;142
"R
              
                2";0.58;0.52;0.50;0.48
"Breusch–Pagan testa";0.00;3.45**;1.84*;0.19
"Wald test/F-test (χ2)b";4.77***;369.94***;444.54***;10.09***