Real effective exchange rates of the ruble and BRICS currencies from 1998 through August 2015 (1997 = 100%). Sources: Bank for International Settlements; author's calculations.

 
 
  Part of: Mironov V (2015) Russian devaluation in 2014–2015: Falling into the abyss or a window of opportunity? Russian Journal of Economics 1(3): 217-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruje.2015.12.005