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  • Article title
  • Abstract
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  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Three attempts of market reforms
  • 3. Key elements (decisions) of market reforms, 1921–1991: A brief overview
    • 3.1. The New Economic Policy (NEP)
    • 3.2. The economic reform of 1965
    • 3.3. Economic reforms of perestroika
  • 4. Problems and factors common to the three reforms
    • 4.1. Reform objectives
    • 4.2. Political and intellectual sources of the reforms
    • 4.3. The ideological struggle over the market course
    • 4.4. The status of state (socialist) enterprises
    • 4.5. Planned economy and the role of centralized planning
    • 4.6. A combination of administrative directives and economic incentives
    • 4.7. Financial challenges and commodity shortages
  • 5. What was the difference?
    • 5.1. The nature of the reforms: A step backward or a leap forward?
    • 5.2. Economic reforms and revolution
    • 5.3. Attitude towards private property
    • 5.4. Attitude towards market pricing and competition
    • 5.5. Macroeconomic dynamics: between stabilization and destabilization
    • 5.6. The speed of reform implementation and the role of experiments
    • 5.7. The relationship between economic and political reforms
  • 6. Completion of reforms: Reasons for failure
    • 6.1. Common reasons for the failure of reforms
    • 6.2. Specific circumstances
  • 7. Conclusion
  • References
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