Russian hydrocarbon exports to sanctioning and non-sanctioning countries (billions U.S. dollars at current prices). Note: Sanctioning countries include EU 27, US, UK, Japan, South Korea; non-sanctioning countries include China, India, and Turkey. Mineral fuels definition includes coal exports. Source: Prepared by the author and C. Alvarez based on Darvas et al. (2022).

 
 
  Part of: Aponte-Garcia M (2024) Hydrocarbon trade deflection and supply‑chain trade restructuring under sanctions imposed during theRussia–Ukraine conflict. Russian Journal of Economics 10(3): 299-318. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.10.125317