Actual and modeled returns of non-state pension fund portfolios, 2007–2022 (% annual). Source: Authors’ calculations based on data from NPF Constructor project (https://ipei.ranepa.ru/ru/npf-ru), Bank of Russia, Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, and Rosstat.

 
 
  Part of: Abramov AE, Chernova MI (2024) Improving pension savings investing: The case of Russia. Russian Journal of Economics 10(1): 34-59. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.10.115594